It is no surprise that antibiotics
are widely used in farming for livestock animals or their feed, and their use
has led to increased antibiotic resistance. One
way to gauge the widespread resistance in animals, and how it spreads to humans
is to keep track of the antibiotic resistance genes. The current library to
resistance genes consists of known resistance genes and new emerging genes that
have not been previously known. The technology and methods used to detect these
genes play a vital role in keeping track of this problem.
A study published in journal,
Current Opinion in Microbiology focuses on the antibiotic resistant gene detection
methods, and how they help us in tracking the spread of this epidemic. Pathogens
possessing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), resistance against last
line of antibiotics are becoming a huge problem. These ESBLs are mostly
isolated in humans; however, they are being discovered increasingly in animal
feeds and feces. Their transmission route is still unclear, and this is where
these gene detection methods come in to play.
Classic microbiological techniques
 |
| Each cluster represents an individual colony of bacteria. Different colors of each colony are different species of bacteria. |
Culturing bacteria and PCR -based techniques are becoming a thing in the
past with the increasing frequency of newly emerging genes. In bacteria
culturing, a sample is grown on a petri dish on an agar layer, and the bacteria
present in that sample are analyzed for their identity and genes. While PCR methods are excellent at detecting the known or
similar resistance genes, they fail at discovering unknown or distantly related
genes. It is scary to think that pathogens may be outrunning our technology.
Nevertheless, we are not at a complete loss.
High-throughput technologies
 |
| This figure represents the classic and contemporary techniques used for the discovery of antibiotic genes. Specialized databases for annotating resistance genes are the Antibiotic Resistance gene DataBase (ARDB) and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) |
References:
Allen,
H. K. (2014). Antibiotic resistance gene discovery in food-producing animals. Current
Opinion in Microbiology, 19, 25–29.
Thomas, T., Gilbert, J., &
Meyer, F. (2012). Metagenomics - a guide from sampling to data analysis. Microbial
Informatics and Experimentation, 2, 3.
Really interesting blog! It is so crucial that animals have a maintained lifestyle by their farmers. However, you are correct that it is slightly scary that bacteria could be outrunning our technology. I know that has been a great concern to those for some time. Bacteria are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics and it is becoming a race to outdo the other and faster. I really enjoyed your article because this is something that really interests me. It is interesting to hear what kind of research is being done to try to beat bacteria and hopefully cure many things.
ReplyDeleteBiodefense is an interesting subject to me. While most sciences are pretty static in their goals, antibacterial biochemistry is dynamic, since bacteria and diseases are constantly evolving and changing, while things like physics are staying the same. I'm happy scientists are finding new ways to overcome the hurdle that is antibiotic resistance.
ReplyDeleteDr Itua cure my HIV, I have been a ARV Consumption for 10 years. i have been in pains until i came across Dr Itua on blogs site.I emailed him about my details of my HIV and my location i explained every thing to him and he told me that there is nothing to be scared of that he will cured me, he gave me guarantee,He ask me to pay for items fees so when i'm cured I will show gratitude I did and giving testimony of his healing herbs is what I'm going to do for the rest of you out there having HIV and other disease can see the good work of Dr Itua.I received his herbal medicine through EMS Courier service who delivered to my post office within 5 working days.Dr Itua is an honest man and I appreciate him for his good work.My GrandMa called him to appreciate him and rest of my friends did too,Is a joy to me that I'm free of taking Pills and having that fat belle is a nightmare.you will understand what i'm talking about if you have same problem I was having then not now though.I'm free and healthy Big Thanks To Dr Itua Herbal Center.I have his calendar too that he recently sent me,He Cure all kind disease Like,Cancer,Herpes,Fibromyalgia,Hiv,Hepatitis B,Liver/Kidney Inflamatory,Epilepsy,Infertility,Fibroid,Diabetes,Dercum,Copd ,and also Bring back Ex Lover Back..Here his Contact .drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com Or Whats_app Number +2348149277967
ReplyDeleteI'm 15 years old. I was born with HIV my mother passed away because of the HIV infection And I regret why i never met Dr Itua he could have cured my mum for me because as a single mother it was very hard for my mother I came across Dr itua healing words online about how he cure different disease in different races diseases like HIV/Aids Herpes,Parkison,Asthma,Autism,Copd,Epilepsy,Shingles,Cold Sore,Infertility, Chronic Fatigues Syndrome, Lupus Cure,Fibromyalgia,Love Spell,Prostate Cancer,Lung Cancer,Glaucoma.,psoriasis,Cirrhosis of Liver, Cataracts,Macular degeneration, Chrons disease,Infectious mononucleosis.,Cardiovascular disease,Lung disease.Enlarged prostate,Osteoporosis.Alzheimer's disease,psoriasis,Bipolar Disorder,Dementia.,Tach Disease,Breast Cancer,Blood Cancer,Colo-Rectal Cancer,Love Spell,Chronic Diarrhea,Ataxia,Arthritis,Amyotrophic Lateral Scoliosis,Stroke,Fibromyalgia,Fluoroquinolone ToxicitySyndrome Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgresSclerosis,Weak Erection,Breast Enlargment,Penis Enlargment,Hpv,measles, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, polio and diphtheria)Diabetes Hepatitis even Cancer I was so excited but frighten at same time because I haven't come across such thing article online then I contacted Dr Itua on Mail drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com/ . I also chat with him on what's app +2348149277967 he tells me how it works then I tell him I want to proceed I paid him so swiftly Colorado post office I receive my herbal medicine within 4/5 working days he gave me guild lines to follow and here am I living healthy again can imagine how god use men to manifest his works am I writing in all articles online to spread the god work of Dr Itua Herbal Medicine,He's a Great Man.
ReplyDeleteMy name is hoover, my 18 year old daughter, Tricia was diagnosed with herpes 3 years ago. Since then, we have moved from one hospital to another. We tried all kinds of pills, but every effort to get rid of the virus was futile. The bubbles continued to reappear after a few months. My daughter was using 200mg acyclovir pills. 2 tablets every 6 hours and 15g of fusitin cream. and H5 POT. Permanganate with water to be applied twice a day, but all still do not show results. So, I was on the internet a few months ago, to look for other ways to save my only son. Only then did I come across a comment about the herbal treatment of Dr Imoloa and decided to give it a try. I contacted him and he prepared some herbs and sent them, along with guidance on how to use them via the DHL courier service. my daughter used it as directed by dr imoloa and in less than 14 days, my daughter recovered her health. You should contact dr imoloa today directly at his email address for any type of health problem; lupus disease, mouth ulcer, mouth cancer, body pain, fever, hepatitis ABC, syphilis, diarrhea, HIV / AIDS, Huntington's disease, back acne, chronic kidney failure, addison's disease, chronic pain, Crohn's pain, cystic fibrosis, fibromyalgia, inflammatory Bowel disease, fungal nail disease, Lyme disease, Celia disease, Lymphoma, Major depression, Malignant melanoma, Mania, Melorheostosis, Meniere's disease, Mucopolysaccharidosis, Multiple sclerosis, Muscular dystrophy, Rheumatoid arthritis Alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, vaginal cancer, epilepsy Anxiety Disorders, Autoimmune Disease, Back Pain, Back Sprain, Bipolar Disorder, Brain Tumor, Malignant, Bruxism, Bulimia, Cervical Disc Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, Neoplasms , chronic respiratory disease, mental and behavioral disorder, Cystic Fibrosis, Hypertension, Diabetes, Asthma, Autoimmune inflammatory media arthritis ed. chronic kidney disease, inflammatory joint disease, impotence, alcohol spectrum feta, dysthymic disorder, eczema, tuberculosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease. and many more; contact him at drimolaherbalmademedicine@gmail.com./ also with whatssap- + 2347081986098.
ReplyDelete